Index
A -
B -
C -
D -
E -
F -
G -
H -
I -
J -
K -
L -
M -
N -
O -
P -
R -
S -
T -
U -
V -
W -
Y
A
abbreviations 1 2
absolute pressure 1 2 3
absolute roughness
absolute viscosity
ACV. See automatic control valves
adaptive heuristic methods 1 2
adaptive search strategies 1 2
ant-colony search 1 2
evolutionary programs
heuristic methods
simulated annealing 1 2 3
tabu search 1 2
See also genetic algorithms; optimization
adjustable frequency drives. See variable frequency drives
advective transport
advective-reactive transport equation
affinity laws, for variable-speed pumps 1 2
aging of water 1 2 3
tank volume effects on 1 2
air chamber for transient control
air inlet valves
for transient control 1 2 3
air release valves 1 2 3 4 5 6
air vacuum valves. See air inlet valves
alarms, SCADA systems and 1 2
algorithms
defined
See also genetic algorithms
allocation. See demand allocation
altitude valves 1 2 3
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
American Water Works Association (AWWA) 1 2
model calibration guidelines
standards 1 2
ant-colony search strategy 1 2
anticipator relief valve for transient control
aqueducts 1 2 3
aquifer drawdown 1 2
Archimedes principle
Arizona, Phoenix
groundwater contamination event in
as-built drawings 1 2
atmospheric pressure 1 2
attenuation of transients 1 2 3 4
automatic control valves 1 2
limitations to controlling transients
AWWA. See American Water Works Association
B
backflow preventers 1 2
cross-connections and
head loss curves 1 2
head loss in 1 2 3
head loss vs. flow relationships 1 2
minor loss coefficient calculation 1 2
modeling
pressure breaker valve models 1 2 3
pressure drop curves
system security and
See also check valves
background leakage
backwash water, from clearwells
bacteria
biological weapon characteristics
removal processes for
ball check valves. See check valves
barometric pressure at given elevations 1 2
baseline demand. See demand baselines
Bernouilli, Daniel
Bernouilli, Johann
biofilms
biological weapons agents 1 2 3
biotoxins
biological weapon characteristics
blow-off valves
to bleed dead-end lines
releases, for head-loss increase
Boltzmann probability distribution
booster chlorination 1 2
advantages of 1 2
booster station locations
flow-paced
mass booster source
setpoint
types of operation 1 2
in water quality models 1 2
booster pumping
for low fire flows
for low pressure problems
booster pumps
bypass for transient control 1 2 3
bottle test 1 2
data analysis example 1 2 3
duration of sampling
frequency of sampling 1 2
preparation for
size of bottle
See also bulk fluid reactions; water quality sampling
boundary conditions (models)
importance in calibration 1 2
temporal changes in 1 2
transient flow 1 2
boundary layer theory
boundary nodes 1 2
buildings
demand estimation. See fixture unit method
demand patterns for various types
water use rates for various types
See also residential water use
bulk fluid reactions 1 2
decay reaction 1 2 3
reaction rate coefficients 1 2
See also bottle test
bulk modulus of elasticity 1 2 3 4
example
formula for
of water
butterfly valves. See isolation valves
bypass connections (pipes) 1 2
C
C-factor 1 2
adjustment for tuberculated pipes
adjustment for velocity
calibration criteria 1 2
compensating errors 1 2
corrosion effects on 1 2 3
to detect skeletonization errors
equivalent
minor losses and 1 2
flow error
sensitivity to 1 2 3 4
head loss error
sensitivity to 1 2 3 4 5
for model problem detection
for open gate-valve losses 1 2
for pipe roughness computation
See also Hazen-Williams equation; head losses; pipe roughness
Cabool, Missouri
contamination event
CAD. See computer-aided drafting
calibration. See instrument calibration; model calibration
capital budgeting studies. See master planning
capital improvement planning. See master planning
cavitation 1 2
defined 1 2
in control valve piping
in flow control valves 1 2
transients 1 2
celerity (velocity). See wave propagation
characteristic impedence
See also Joukowsky's equation
characteristic period of transient event
characteristic time of pipeline 1 2
chart recorders, as error source
check valves 1 2
closing characteristics
for transient control 1 2
as minor loss coefficients in models
system security and
See also backflow preventers
chemical reaction terms 1 2 3
bulk fluid reactions 1 2
decay reactions 1 2 3
formation reactions 1 2
pipe wall 1 2
surface reactions 1 2
Chezy, Antoine 1 2
chlorine 1 2 3 4
concentration in tanks 1 2
concentrations
optimizing 1 2
decay
source determination
disinfection by-products from
maximum contaminant levels
tolerance of biological weapons agents for
chlorine gas, decreasing exposure risk
chlorine residuals
chlorine wall demand
measuring 1 2
clamp-on meters
clearwells
backwash water from
functions 1 2
closed systems
with pressure control 1 2
without pressure control
pumping into 1 2
pump operation modes
with pumped storage 1 2
pumping configurations
with storage tank 1 2
See also pressure zones
Cole, Edward
Colebrook-White equation 1 2 3 4 5
solved for absolute roughness 1 2
Colebrook, Cyril
commercial developments. See buildings
compensating errors
in model calibration 1 2
pipe roughness example of 1 2 3
reduction of likelihood 1 2
comprehensive planning. See master planning
compressibility of fluids 1 2
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models 1 2 3 4
computer-aided drafting (CAD) 1 2
conversion errors 1 2 3
conversion to GIS 1 2
converting drawings to models 1 2
map digitizing via 1 2
computers
historical developments 1 2 3 4
conservation of energy 1 2
equation for pipes or loops
conservation of mass 1 2
equation for nodes
conservative constituent. See non-reactive constituent
constant power pump concept in models
pump head characteristic curve
constant-speed pumps. See fixed-speed pumps
constituent source concentrations
specifying 1 2
constraints (in optimization problems)
continuity equation
continuous monitoring
See also data collection; monitoring
control valves 1 2
flow controls
in lower pressure zones 1 2
minor loss coefficient setting
nodes (links)
pressure-based controls
regulating of
settings 1 2
throttle 1 2
upstream conditions and 1 2
See also flow control valves
controls 1 2
distributed control systems
loop control 1 2
pipes
pumps 1 2
settings indicators 1 2
valve position in tanks 1 2
See also flow control operations
conversion factors
flow
kinematic viscosity
length
power
pressure
velocity
viscosity
volume
corrosion
effect on C-factor 1 2
inhibitors
of pipes
of pipes 1 2
water quality problems and
corrosive potential of water
cost analyses 1 2
cost data
costs
of dead-end pumping
design implications 1 2
estimating 1 2
ground vs. elevated tanks
hydropneumatic tanks 1 2
least-cost optimization
low pressure problem corrections
minimizing pump energy costs 1 2
optimizing 1 2 3 4 5 6
pipe replacement 1 2
pipe sizing effects on
pump operation
optimizing
pumped storage
pumping
pressure zone boundary adjustment and
tradeoffs
energy vs. capital costs 1 2
of variable-speed pump use
See also energy consumption
Cross, Hardy 1 2
crossovers
in pipe networks 1 2
in pipe networks 1 2
cumulative residence time
customer systems
utility portion in models 1 2
utility water systems and 1 2
customers
complaints 1 2
low pressure problems
low pressure problems 1 2 3
meters
model calibration for system expansion 1 2
water demand 1 2
D
Darcy-Weisbach equation 1 2 3 4 5 6
in equivalent pipe length
friction factor 1 2 3
pipe resistance coefficient
in pipe roughness computation 1 2
Darcy-Weisbach friction factor
friction slope equation
Darcy, Henry
Darwin, Charles
data attributes
data collection
continuous monitoring
cost data
data quality 1 2
fire flow tests 1 2 3 4
flow test locations
head measurement locations
locations 1 2 3 4
model calibration and
use of optimization procedures to select sampling locations 1 2
point readings
pump data 1 2
sampling design 1 2
for system design 1 2
time series measurements
example 1 2
See also records; tracer studies
data conversion
CAD drawings into models 1 2
digitizing methods 1 2
for GIS 1 2
map data from CAD files
map digitization 1 2
data for GIS
geographic representations 1 2
land base 1 2
water-use 1 2
data loggers
flow test use of
temperature measurement with 1 2
data logging
for representative customers 1 2
for specific customers
data management
centralized
data islands 1 2
database centralization
decentralized
GIS-centric 1 2
data quality 1 2
data scrubbing
data. See field data
databases
design for GIS 1 2 3
DBP. See disinfectant by-products
dead-end pipes
junction nodes
dead-end pressure zones
PRVs feeding into 1 2
decay reaction 1 2 3
decision-makers
multiobjective analysis and
system design perspectives
decision-making. See optimization
DEM. See digital elevation models
demand allocation 1 2 3
actual consumption method
assigning demands to nodes 1 2
bottom-up method 1 2 3 4 5
defined
errors in 1 2
estimated consumption method
GIS use with 1 2
inverse pipe-diameter approach
in model simplification
problems in adjustments 1 2
top-down method 1 2 3 4
of unaccounted-for water
See also demand modeling
demand baselines
average usage rates
customer billing records for 1 2 3
data sources 1 2
gaps in data
spatial allocation of 1 2
system operational records and 1 2
See also demand modeling
demand estimation
demand modeling
assigning usage to nodes
composite demands 1 2
continuous demand patterns 1 2 3
defining usage patterns within 1 2
extended-period simulations
GIS use with 1 2 3 4
loading
pipe size and
loading process overview 1 2 3
mass balance techniques 1 2
multiple user categories 1 2 3
peaking factors 1 2
residential use and
spatial allocation of baselines 1 2
spatial allocation of future demands 1 2
sprinkler distribution systems 1 2
steady-state models
stepwise demand patterns 1 2 3
temporal demand multipliers 1 2 3 4
temporal demand start time
temporal patterns in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
total consumption rates for junctions 1 2
unaccounted-for water 1 2 3 4 5
unit demand
types of 1 2
unit loading method 1 2
water quality tracking and
See also demand allocation; demand baselines; diurnal curves; fixture unit method
demand projections 1 2
disaggregated 1 2
fire flow requirements and
land use and 1 2
population estimates in 1 2
spatial allocation of 1 2
See also water demand
dendritic (tree) networks. See networks, branched
density
of water 1 2
design flows 1 2
design. See system design
differential head meters
digital elevation models (DEMs)
in model nodes
digitizing
converting CAD drawings into models 1 2
of maps 1 2
methods for 1 2
directional flushing
directional valves 1 2
as minor loss coefficients in models
discrete volume method (DVM) 1 2
disinfectant by-products (DBPs) 1 2 3 4
formation of 1 2
formation reactions 1 2
formed by chlorine
relation to water age
See also disinfectant residuals
disinfectant residuals 1 2 3
areas susceptible to low residuals
assessment of 1 2
booster chlorination 1 2
chlorine dioxide
delivery optimization
disinfectant by-products formation 1 2
diurnal variation of 1 2
evaluating factors in 1 2
federal and state regulations
maintainance of 1 2
monitoring requirements
primary disinfectants
secondary disinfectants
shortcomings of monitoring
Surface Water Treatment Rule (USEPA)
Total Cloriform Rule (USEPA)
See also disinfectant by-products
disinfectants 1 2
contact time
decay models 1 2
model calibration and
reactions 1 2
Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule
Stage 1 (USEPA)
Stage 2 (USEPA)
disinfection
at groundwater sources
distributed control systems
SCADA systems compared 1 2
distribution mains 1 2
internal plumbing systems
service lines
distribution system rehabilitation studies
model uses
distribution system storage facilities. See reservoirs; storage; tanks
distribution system testing. See system testing
diurnal curves
for customer use 1 2
peak demand in
system-wide
time increments 1 2 3
for various user categories
diurnal demand
factors in 1 2 3
See also demand modeling; water demand
domestic water use. See residential water use
Dover Township, New Jersey
contamination event 1 2
downhill simplex search strategy 1 2 3
drinking water. See potable water
DVM. See discrete volume method
dynamic programming 1 2 3
optimality principle 1 2
state transformation function
water distribution system example 1 2
dynamic viscosity. See absolute viscosity
E
early warning systems 1 2
components 1 2
contaminant movement prediction 1 2
monitoring equipment for 1 2
for source water supply
See also system security
EGL. See energy grade lines (EGL)
electromagnetic meters
elevation
data errors 1 2
ground elevations
high pressures and
low pressure and 1 2 3 4
pressure zone limits and 1 2 3
tank overflow elevations 1 2 3 4 5
See also lower pressure zones
elevation head 1 2
emergency conditions
tank behavior during 1 2
emergency response plans 1 2 3 4 5
energy
types of
energy consumption 1 2 3 4
capital costs tradeoffs with 1 2
dead-end pumping and
electric power in pump stations 1 2
pump efficiency and
by pumps 1 2
See also pump power
energy grade lines (EGL) 1 2
energy losses. See head losses
energy pricing 1 2
block rate
capacity charges
demand charges 1 2
peak rates 1 2
rate structure 1 2
England
water metering in 1 2
EPANET
EPS models. See extended-period simulation
equilibrium pressure. See saturation vapor pressures
equivalent pipe length 1 2
equivalent sand grain roughness of pipes 1 2 3
error sources
in calibrated data 1 2
chart recorders
compensating errors 1 2
connectivity of model 1 2 3
demand allocations 1 2
elevation data and 1 2
geometric anomalies in system 1 2
human error
junction elevations
measurements
in model calibration 1 2 3 4 5 6
model skeletonization 1 2
need for detective work
pump characteristic curves 1 2
roughness coefficients 1 2
in SCADA systems 1 2 3 4
sources of in modeling 1 2
system mapping 1 2
tank water-level measurements
typographical errors
See also field data errors
Euler, Leonard
Eulerian solution method 1 2 3 4
evolutionary programs
explicit calibration methods 1 2 3
disadvantages and limitations of 1 2
extended-period simulation (EPS) 1 2 3 4
calibration 1 2 3
constraints on using for system hydraulics
for contaminant movement
design flow and
duration 1 2
example of calibration 1 2
hydropneumatic tanks in
measurements for calibration 1 2
for monitoring water quality in system flushing 1 2
for multiple tanks in a pressure zone
parameter adjustments 1 2
for pump operation analysis 1 2 3
of pumped storage systems 1 2
pumping into hydropneumatic tanks 1 2
SCADA data and 1 2 3 4
in system expansion
tank off-line maintenance
tank operations analysis 1 2 3
temporal adjustments of demands 1 2
time steps 1 2
SCADA time increments and 1 2 3
times series data and model result compared 1 2
to find low pressure causes 1 2 3
tracers' use in 1 2
F
fault trees
for vulnerability analysis 1 2 3
FCV. See flow control valves
Fibonacci coordinate search method 1 2
field data
analog 1 2
analog "step" behavior
authenticating 1 2
averaging 1 2 3
compression techniques 1 2
digital 1 2
fluctuations
smoothing out 1 2 3
model results vs. 1 2
operator workstation displays
pulse 1 2
signal flutter
status bits (data flags)
time stamp
trended
back-filling mechanisms and 1 2
validity verification 1 2
See also SCADA systems
field data acquisition (SCADA systems)
back-filling mechanisms 1 2
by polling
hybrid systems
mechanisms for 1 2
by polling
scheduling of
unsolicited data 1 2 3
field data communications systems 1 2
alarm conditions detection
bandwidth
communications availability constraints 1 2
communications media 1 2
communications media selection criteria 1 2
communications protocols 1 2 3
data router with point-to-multipoint radio 1 2
failure events
data handling during 1 2
host computer software 1 2
interface devices 1 2
local recorders
when preferred to SCADA 1 2
sensors' elevations
See also monitoring; SCADA systems
field data errors
averaging and 1 2
back-filling mechanisms and 1 2
communication system noise
failure events
from compression 1 2 3 4
identifying 1 2
instrumentation-related 1 2 3 4 5
missing data 1 2 3
sources 1 2 3 4
temporal 1 2 3
time stamping and 1 2
in trended data 1 2
unknown elevations and
workstation resolution and
See also error sources
field studies
chlorine wall demand 1 2
pipe diameter measurements 1 2 3
See also water quality field surveys
filters
cleaning with backwash water
fine-tuning of models
finished water. See potable water
fire flow demand
duration requirement
in future projections
hose stream requirement
for houses 1 2
needed fire flow estimations 1 2
peaking factors
sprinkler demand estimation
fire flow tests 1 2 3 4
calibration of model parameters 1 2 3 4
cleaning lateral and barrel
computation of flows 1 2
conversion of gage pressure to discharge 1 2
discharge coefficient of hydrant opening 1 2
distribution capacity evaluation
high-flow conditions simulation
in modeling customer systems
in models 1 2
new-pipe modeling and 1 2
number of hydrants
criteria for
procedure 1 2
to quantify low flows
reduction of test impacts 1 2
required measurements
undersized pipe identification
See also system testing
fire flows
analysis 1 2
booster pumping 1 2
low-flow problem solutions 1 2 3
low-flow problems 1 2
pipe improvements for 1 2
quantification
system rehabilitation and
tank off-line maintenance and 1 2
water demand for
See also fire flow tests
fire hydrants. See hydrants
fire protection
automatic sprinklers
infrastructure evaluations for
water demand and 1 2
fire protection studies
fire sprinklers
discharge/pressure coefficients
equivalent pipe representations 1 2 3
as flow emitters in models
freezing prevention
head loss coefficients 1 2
hydraulics 1 2
insufficient flow solutions
orifice flow equation
piping design 1 2
residential water demand and
standards for residential systems
steady-state models
types compared
See also sprinklers
first-order reaction
fixed-speed pumps 1 2 3
fixture unit method 1 2 3
Hunter curve 1 2 3
peak demand and 1 2
values for given fixture types 1 2
flow
conversion factors 1 2
flow control operations
cavitation in valves 1 2
classification of speed of
effects on flow conditions 1 2
examples of
multijet valves
eliminate cavitation via
See also controls
flow control stations
design factors affecting transients
turbulence and cavitation in control valve piping
flow control valves 1 2
automatic control valves 1 2
cavitation as selection factor
effective stroke of valves
head reduction
to eliminate cavitation
hydraulic characteristics 1 2
operation of valves
valve damage from cavitation 1 2
flow control valves (FCVs) 1 2
in models
See also control valves
flow emitters
to estimate hydrant free discharge 1 2
hydrants' overall coefficients 1 2 3
in leakage modeling 1 2
node emitter coefficient estimation 1 2
in system flushing models 1 2
flow measurements 1 2
criteria for placement of meter
location of tests
potential problems 1 2
in tank tracer studies
of tanks
telemetry
flow meters. See meters
flow regimes 1 2 3
flow-paced boosters 1 2
fluctuating pressure operational problems. See low pressure operational problems
fluctuating pressure. See low pressure problems
fluid density 1 2
fluid properties 1 2
fluid transients. See hydraulic transients
fluid velocity. See velocity
fluids
bulk modulus of elasticity
flushing. See hydrants; system flushing
formation reactions 1 2 3 4
friction factor
Darcy-Weisbach 1 2
Hazen-Williams C-factor 1 2
Swamee-Jain formula 1 2
friction losses 1 2
equations compared 1 2 3
general formula
See also head losses
friction slope
equations
G
GA. See genetic algorithms
gage pressure 1 2 3 4
formula for
gate valves. See isolation valves
generalized valves
genetic algorithms (GA) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
applications
binary chromosomes 1 2
constraints
crossovers 1 2
for distribution system optimization 1 2
fitness (objective function) value
fitness-proportionate selection
mutation 1 2
penalty function
penalty multiplier
population size values
roulette-wheel selection 1 2
steps in 1 2
tradeoff assessments and
See also adaptive search strategies; algorithms
geographic data
representations 1 2 3
geographic information systems (GIS) 1 2 3 4 5
application design for 1 2
applications
attributes
automatic node assignment
benefits 1 2 3 4 5
case studies
of city water systems 1 2
conceptual layers 1 2 3
cost considerations 1 2
data conversion for 1 2
data development planning for 1 2
database design for 1 2 3
demand allocation 1 2
design tasks
enterprise-level implementation 1 2
enterprise-level vs. modeling-level 1 2
existing sytems
for modeling use 1 2
features
model elements and 1 2
implementation success factors 1 2
interfaces for water systems
inverse pipe-diameter demand allocation and
land base for 1 2
maps 1 2
needs assessment for 1 2
network components 1 2
object-relational systems 1 2
pilot study steps
pipes in 1 2
production phase tasks
relational-relational systems
rollout phase tasks
skeletonization and 1 2
software architecture 1 2
symbology
as systems analysis tool
for water demand data
geometric anomalies in system 1 2
Gideon, Missouri
contamination event 1 2 3
GIS. See geographic information systems (GIS)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
globe valves. See isolation valves
grab samples. See point readings
gradient algorithm
ground elevations
groundwater
disinfection
See also well pumping; wells
H
Hagen-Poiseuille equation 1 2
Hagen, Gotthilf 1 2
Hagenbach, Eduard
haloacetic acids 1 2 3
formed by chlorine
maximum contaminant levels
See also disinfection by-products
Hardy Cross method
Hazen-Williams equation 1 2 3 4
friction slope equation
pipe resistance coefficient
See also C-factor
Hazen, A.
head
potential change
pressure 1 2 3 4
pump 1 2
pump head equations 1 2
pump shutoff
static 1 2
total
velocity 1 2
head curves. See system head curves
head envelope, defined 1 2
head loss curves
for backflow preventers 1 2
calculating from minor loss coefficients 1 2 3
for water meters
for water meters
head loss tests 1 2
parallel-pipe test 1 2
pipe roughness computation 1 2 3 4
problems 1 2
two-gage test 1 2
use in model calibration 1 2
See also system testing
head losses 1 2 3 4 5 6
in backflow preventers 1 2 3
Colebrook-White equation 1 2
Darcy-Weisbach equation 1 2 3 4 5 6
from oversized piping
Hagen-Poiseuille equation 1 2
Hardy Cross method
Hazen-Williams equation 1 2 3
in hydrants
Manning equation 1 2
in meters
from oversized piping
in pipes 1 2
on pump's suction side 1 2
pumps
resistance coefficients of pipes 1 2 3
Swamee-Jain equation
in upper zones 1 2
See also C-factor; friction losses; minor losses
head measurements
head variation during valve closure
heuristic methods
adaptive 1 2
HGL. See hydraulic grade line (HGL)
high pressures
constant-speed pumps and
in low-demand conditions 1 2
pressure zone boundary adjustments for 1 2
See also pressure
high-speed data logging equipment
use in transient events 1 2
hill-climbing search strategies 1 2 3
historical modeling 1 2
history
of water distribution technology 1 2
Hooke and Jeeves pattern search strategy
houses. See residential water use
Hunter curve 1 2 3
Hunter, Roy
hydrant flow tests. See fire flow tests
hydrants
backbone loops and
contamination vulnerability
discharges 1 2 3
flow emitter coefficients
calculating 1 2 3
flowed 1 2 3 4
head loss in
locations of 1 2 3 4
in measuring chlorine wall demand
opening to increase head losses
pressure drop coefficients 1 2 3 4 5
pressure drop standards 1 2
residual 1 2
See also system flushing
hydraulic air valve for transient control
hydraulic characteristics of valves 1 2
hydraulic grade line (HGL) 1 2 3
additional storage effects on
elevation errors and
identifying defective pipes and
locating closed valves and 1 2
methods to increase flow velocities
in model calibration 1 2
for new pressure zones 1 2 3
pipe improvement effects on
pump system design modeling and 1 2
slopes at higher flows
slopes at lower flows
sprinkler systems and 1 2
on suction side of pumps
system expansion and 1 2
Hydraulic Institute standards
hydraulic model-GIS integration 1 2 3 4 5 6
benefits 1 2
data import into GIS 1 2
measurement unit considerations
model elements
GIS features and 1 2
model sustainability 1 2
modeler and GIS staff communication 1 2
modeling vs. GIS terminology
network components 1 2
skeletonization for 1 2 3
using and existing GIS for 1 2
hydraulic models
SCADA systems and 1 2 3 4 5
hydraulic networks 1 2
hydraulic transients 1 2
attenuation 1 2 3 4
cavitation 1 2
control of 1 2
damage caused by 1 2
defined 1 2
determining
evolution of during valve closure 1 2 3 4
head changes caused by
heads 1 2
Joukowsky's equations for predicting magnitudes of
magnitude of transients
modeling of
packing 1 2
potential head change 1 2 3
pressure 1 2
solved by velocity reduction
surges
vacuum conditions
water hammer events
hydraulics
of fire sprinklers 1 2
hydropneumatic tanks 1 2 3 4 5
equivalent tank equation
in extended-period simulations 1 2 3
hydraulic grade line equation
in steady-state models
See also tanks
hydrostatic pressure distribution 1 2
I
implicit calibration methods 1 2 3
formulating optimization problems 1 2
objective functions 1 2 3
optimization procedure steps 1 2 3
See also model calibration process; objective functions
index of internal pipe roughness
Initial Distribution System Evaluation (USEPA) process
inspection protocols
instrument calibration
clamp-on meters
flow meters
pressure gages
in water quality field surveys
internal diameter (pipes). See pipe diameters
internal pipe roughness. See pipe roughness
irrigation
residential
irrigation sprinklers 1 2
piping design 1 2
See also sprinklers
isolation valves 1 2
in sprinkler systems
iterative calibration methods 1 2 3
J
Jain, Akalnank
Jeppson, Roland 1 2
joints. See pipe joints
Joukowsky's equation 1 2
computation of potential head change
See also characteristic impedence
junction nodes 1 2 3
dead-ends
elevations 1 2
water inflows
water withdrawals
K
kinematic viscosity
conversion factors
formula for
of water
See also viscosity
kinetic energy
L
Lagrangian solution method 1 2 3 4
Lamb, Horace
laminar flow 1 2 3 4
Hagen-Poiseuille equation
Reynolds number for
Langelier index 1 2 3
leak detection 1 2
leakage
background
demand multipliers
for unaccounted-for water
metered demand and 1 2
from pipe breaks
as source of unaccounted-for water 1 2
See also unaccounted-for water
leakage control 1 2
of background leakage
detection surveys
disaggregation into small areas
by pressure reduction
water audits
length
conversion factors
Levenberg-Marquardt method
of nonlinear programming
limiting concentration
linear programming 1 2 3
constraint boundary 1 2
feasible region 1 2
in system design 1 2
nonlinear programming compared
simplex method
See also optimization
local area networks (LANs)
operator workstations 1 2
in SCADA systems 1 2 3
See also networks
London, England
Main Ring pump scheduling system
long-range planning. See master planning
longitudinal dispersion
low pressure operational problems
use of booster pumps to correct
low pressure problems 1 2 3 4
adding storage to correct 1 2
booster pumping for 1 2
from closed valves
customer complaints about
elevation and 1 2
how to verify
identifying 1 2
leaks
locating closed valves 1 2
modeling of 1 2
in models
peak demand and 1 2
pipe capacity and
pressure zone boundary adjustments for 1 2
probable causes 1 2 3 4 5
pump capacity and 1 2 3
remedying 1 2 3 4 5
source identification 1 2
verifying
See also operations problems; pressure
low pressures 1 2 3 4
elevation and 1 2 3 4
from inadequate pumping 1 2
persistent 1 2
source determination via EPS 1 2 3
storage capacity and
from undersized pipes 1 2 3
in upper zones 1 2
See also pressure
lower pressure zones
using control valves in 1 2
dead-end
PRV feeding into 1 2
with tanks 1 2
See also elevation; pressure zones
M
magnetic meters
Manning equation 1 2
friction slope equation
pipe resistance coefficient equation
Manning roughness coefficient 1 2
Manning roughness values
manual calibration approach 1 2
maps
CAD and 1 2
digitizing 1 2
GIS-generated 1 2
for laying out pressure zones 1 2
topographic 1 2 3 4
See also system maps
mass balance
changes in water demand and 1 2
mass booster sources 1 2
mass transfer coefficient
Massachusetts, Woburn
contamination event 1 2 3
master planning 1 2 3
model calibration accuracy for 1 2
model uses in
updating models for
maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
maximum-day demands
peaking factor equation for
McIlroy network analyzer
MCLs. See maximum contaminant levels
measurement systems 1 2
metadata 1 2
meter modeling
compound meters 1 2 3
head loss curves for meters 1 2 3 4
minor loss coefficient calculation 1 2
minor loss coefficients for meters
of single register meters
meter sizing 1 2
flow range modeling and 1 2 3
metering
inaccuracies in
unmetered water 1 2
meters
compound
customers'
flow meters
head loss in
locations of
master
pressure reducing valves as
selecting 1 2
subsystem 1 2
system
temporary
See also specific types of meters
minor loss coefficients 1 2
for backflow preventers
calculating from head loss curves 1 2 3 4
composite
for pipes
equivalent pipe length 1 2
for fittings 1 2
for backflow preventers
for meter types
resistance coefficient 1 2 3
valve coefficient relationship to
with compound meters 1 2 3
minor losses 1 2 3 4 5 6
equation
equivalent C-factor and 1 2
from open valves 1 2
in sprinkler systems
See also head losses
Missouri
contamination events in 1 2 3
mixing of constituents
at nodes
in tanks 1 2
model calibration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
automated 1 2
optimization and
boundary condition measurements 1 2
C-factor and
C-factor sensitivity to flow error 1 2 3 4
C-factor sensivity to head loss error 1 2 3 4 5
compensating errors 1 2
data accuracy 1 2
data collection for
data collection locations and 1 2
defined
effects of time 1 2
error impacts on optimized calibration 1 2
error sources 1 2 3 4 5 6
fire flow tests and 1 2
guide to 1 2
identifiability problem in
level of detail needed for 1 2
micro-calibration
minor losses and
need for 1 2
objective function lines 1 2
parameter adjustments in 1 2 3 4 5 6
roughness correction factors 1 2
sampling design
optimization and
site investigations for
of steady-state simulations 1 2
for system design use 1 2
tank-level measurements 1 2
temporal adjustment of demands
water use correction factors 1 2
See also model calibration process; system testing; water quality model calibration
model calibration accuracy
analysis of
AWWA guidelines
distribution system rehabilitation 1 2
for emergency planning
energy use
extent of calibration 1 2
extent of skeletonization
fire flow analysis
flushing system
guidelines 1 2
master planning 1 2 3
operational problems 1 2 3
pipe sizing 1 2 3
in preliminary design
realistic boundary conditions 1 2
rural water system
subdivision design 1 2
for system rehabilitation
model calibration data
fire flow tests
sampling design 1 2
model calibration issues 1 2 3 4
fixed versus random observations
identifiability problems 1 2
insufficient information for parameter determination
prior estimates used on uncertain parameters 1 2
procedure for incorporation of prior estimates in model calibration 1 2
uncertainty in field measurements
model calibration methods
See also implicit calibration methods; model calibration
model calibration optimization process 1 2 3
model calibration process 1 2
automated approaches 1 2
C-factor used to detect skeletonization errors
C-factor used to detect system map errors
check on reasonableness of roughness coefficient
criteria to end process 1 2
detection of errors in demand allocation 1 2
discrepancies 1 2 3 4
explicit methods 1 2 3
guide to 1 2
identification of system problems
importance of accurate boundary conditions 1 2
issues 1 2 3 4
iterative methods 1 2 3
macro-model calibration
manual approaches 1 2 3 4 5
micro-model calibration 1 2
optimization process for 1 2 3
pump characteristic curve errors 1 2
sensitivity analysis
site investigations to identify discrepancies
system geometric anomalies 1 2
tracers in EPS models 1 2
model convergence problems
model development
loading process 1 2 3
model maintenance
record keeping for 1 2
model performance
accuracy guidelines 1 2
calibration criteria 1 2 3
field observation comparisons 1 2 3
model validation 1 2
model verification 1 2
modeling
decision-making and 1 2
modeling process 1 2
models
applications 1 2
computational fluid dynamic models 1 2 3 4
costs of using 1 2
development of modern 1 2 3
error sources 1 2
maintaining 1 2
naming conventions 1 2 3
roles in operations 1 2
scaled 1 2 3
surface water
tank system models 1 2 3
See also networks; optimization models; simulation
molecular diffusivity coefficient
momentum equation
monitoring
continuous
SCADA systems and
tracer studies
See also field data communications systems; SCADA systems
Monte Carlo simulation
for vulnerability analysis
Moody diagram 1 2 3 4 5
Moody, Lewis
motor efficiency
equation for
multi-objective decision-making 1 2
multi-objective optimization 1 2 3 4 5
applications
constraint method 1 2
Pareto solutions 1 2 3
weighting method 1 2
See also optimization
multijet valves
use in extreme hydraulic conditions
N
naming conventions
for network elements 1 2 3
for pressure zones 1 2 3
natural organic matter (NOM) 1 2
Navier-Stokes equations
needs assessment
for GIS development 1 2
net postive suction head (NPSH) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
network analysis
networks
boundary nodes 1 2
branched 1 2
bypass connections 1 2
crossovers in 1 2 3 4
element label naming 1 2 3
elements
in models 1 2
failure in
false intersections 1 2
fixed-grade nodes. See reservoirs
hydraulics 1 2
junction schematic
labeling schemes for 1 2
links 1 2
looped 1 2
models of 1 2
nodes 1 2
rehabilitation options 1 2
reservoirs
topology 1 2
See also skeletonization; water distribution systems
Neuman, Franz
New Jersey, Dover Township
contamination event 1 2
new pipes
to increase fire flows
Newton-Raphson method
of nonlinear programming
Newton's law of viscosity 1 2
Newton's second law of motion 1 2
Newtonian fluids 1 2
Nikuradse, Johnann
nodal mixing equation 1 2
nodes
elevations of 1 2
types
NOM. See natural organic matter
nominal diameter (pipes). See pipe diameter
non-reactive constituent
nonadaptive search strategies 1 2
downhill simplex method 1 2 3
Fibonacci coordinate method 1 2
hill-climbing 1 2 3
Hooke and Jeeves pattern method
random search
See also optimization
nonlinear programming 1 2 3 4 5
hill-climbing methods 1 2
linear programming compared
maximization
two-dimensional 1 2
objective function lines 1 2
saddle point
See also optimization
nozzle check valves. See check valves
NPSH. See net positive suction head
numerical models for transient analysis 1 2
calibration of 1 2
collection of field measurements 1 2
source of errors 1 2
O
objective functions
decision variables and 1 2
in genetic algorithms
of pipe sizing
steepest ascent methods and
See also implicit calibration methods; optimization
odor
contaminant removal processes for
Ohm's Law
operations
advantages of model use 1 2
applications of models 1 2
operator training 1 2 3
optimization of
operations problems 1 2
fluctuating pressure
high pressures 1 2
in higher pressure areas 1 2
identifying common problems 1 2
inadequate pumping 1 2
leakage control 1 2
low fire flows 1 2
maintaining disinfectant residual 1 2
meter sizing 1 2
oversized pipes 1 2 3 4
power outages 1 2
pump energy consumption 1 2
pumping capacity problems 1 2
shutdown of a pipeline section 1 2
system flushing 1 2
taking a tank off-line 1 2
undersized pipes 1 2
See also low pressure problems; tank off-line maintenance
optimization 1 2 3 4 5 6
constrained problems
constraints 1 2
decision space 1 2
decision variables
defined 1 2
design methods 1 2
enumeration methods 1 2
exploration vs. exploitation techniques 1 2 3
least-cost
manual design method 1 2 3
multi-objective 1 2
of operations 1 2
process for design applications 1 2
random search
reasons for using
search methods 1 2 3 4 5
solution space
staged development and 1 2
terminology 1 2
unconstrained problems 1 2
when to use 1 2
See also adaptive search strategies; linear programming; multiobjective optimization; nonadaptive search strategies; nonlinear programming; objective functions
optimization issues
cost estimation 1 2
pipe sizing controlling demands 1 2
pump selection 1 2
reliability 1 2
reservoirs 1 2
uncertainty 1 2
optimization methods 1 2
optimization models
defined
dominance of alternatives
for complex problems 1 2 3
formulation process 1 2
how to use 1 2 3
local vs. global maxima and minima 1 2 3
multiobjective 1 2
Pareto-optimal curve
problem visualization 1 2
single-objective 1 2
single-objective model for multiple objectives
standard form
steps in
tradeoffs
optimization-based calibration methods. See implicit calibration methods
orifice equation 1 2
over-pressurized systems
pressure-reducing valves for 1 2
variable-speed pumps and
overlay analysis
oxidation reactions
P
packing of transients 1 2
parallel-pipe tests 1 2
head loss equation
measurement criteria
procedures 1 2
parameter adjustments
correction factors 1 2
demand allocation to nodes 1 2
guide to changes 1 2
internal roughness coefficients 1 2 3 4 5 6
nodal water demands
pipe diameters 1 2
problem of compensating errors 1 2
temporal adjustment of demands 1 2
unrealistic or unexplained adjustments required 1 2
parasites
biological weapon characteristics
Pareto solutions 1 2 3 4
partial enumeration method 1 2
peaking factors
for average-day to maximum-day demands
for average-day to maximum-day demands
equation
fire flows
metered demand
leakage and 1 2
system-wide
penalty multipliers
Pennsylvania
early water systems in
piezometric surface of system
pipe bursts
See also leakage control
pipe carrying capacity factor. See C-factor
pipe cleaning 1 2
pipe controls
pipe corrosion 1 2 3
See also tuberculation
pipe diameter measurements 1 2 3
calculating from flow and velocity measurements
calipers for
in-situ direct measurement
influence on head loss
inventory of pipes
pipe diameters 1 2
actual (internal)
effect of corrosion on
effects of scaling on
effects of tuberculation on
internal (actual)
nominal 1 2 3 4
as optimization variable
See also pipe sizing
pipe joints
bell and spigot
flanged
push-on
pipe networks. See networks
pipe off-line maintenance 1 2
alternative water sources 1 2
effects on storage
highlining to supply customers
in models 1 2
shutdown simulation 1 2
storage and
tank levels and
transmission mains
in models 1 2
pipe roughness 1 2
absolute 1 2
adjustment in model calibration 1 2 3
changes with age 1 2
changes with water corrosivity 1 2
Colebrook-White Equation 1 2
compensating errors 1 2
computations
for head loss tests 1 2
equivalent sand grain roughness 1 2 3 4
Hazen-Williams C-factor 1 2
index of internal pipe roughness
Manning's roughness coefficient 1 2
Moody diagram 1 2 3
potential for compensating errors 1 2
reduction of compensating errors
relative roughness
use in identifying model problems
See also C-factor
pipe segments 1 2
pipe sizes
demand model loading and 1 2 3
pipe sizing 1 2
adjustment of diameter in model
analysis of model results 1 2
controlling demands 1 2
cost functions
decisions 1 2
diameter adjustments in models
diameter estimates for new pipes
effect on system costs
linear programming approach 1 2
nonlinear programming approach 1 2
objective function of
optimal velocity for
optimization modeling of 1 2 3
oversize problems 1 2 3 4
overview
partial enumeration method 1 2
pressure comparisons 1 2 3 4
selection decisions 1 2
standards for
undersize problems 1 2
See also pipe diameters
pipe wall reactions 1 2
relation of reaction coefficient to pipe roughness 1 2
wall reaction coefficients 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pipeline support factor
pipelines
characteristic times
collapses 1 2
ruptures
pipes 1 2
C-factors for various materials
cleaning 1 2
composite minor loss coefficients
connection nodes
dead-end junction nodes
defective
identifying
deposit buildups in
energy losses in 1 2
in GIS 1 2
inversion linings
minor losses 1 2
oversized
problems from 1 2 3 4
PVC
standards for 1 2
rehabilitation decisions
relining 1 2
sand-grain roughness equivalents for various materials
scaled lengths in models 1 2
scaling in
sliplining 1 2 3
tuberculation of 1 2
undersized
detecting via high velocities
user-defined lengths 1 2
velocity maximums in 1 2
Pitot diffusers 1 2 3
Pitot gages 1 2 3
Pitot rods 1 2 3
Pitot tubes 1 2
Pitot, Henri 1 2
plug valves. See isolation valves
plumbing fixtures
fixture unit method
plumbing, internal
in water distribution models
point readings
Poiseuille, Jean Louis
positive displacement meters
positive displacement pumps
in models
potable water
customers for
sources 1 2
standards
potential energy
potential head change caused by transients
computation of
power
conversion factors
power consumption. See energy consumption
power outages 1 2
Prandtl, Ludwig 1 2
pressure 1 2 3 4
conversion factors
residual 1 2
sources of error
See also high pressures; low pressure problems; low pressures
pressure breaker valves
pressure energy
pressure envelope. See head envelope
pressure gages 1 2
pressure head 1 2 3 4
pressure reducing valves (PRVs) 1 2
in closed systems with pressure control 1 2
to correct pump performance
in dead-end pressure zones 1 2
to establish new pressure zones
in higher pressure zones 1 2
locating 1 2 3
as meters
modeling of 1 2 3
for new subdivisions 1 2
PSVs in conjunction with
system vs. individual use
upstream conditions and 1 2
pressure relief valves 1 2
pressure relief valves for transient control
pressure snubbers
pressure sustaining valves (PSVs) 1 2 3
in models
PRVs in conjunction with
tank fill time and 1 2
used to model pressure relief valves
pressure switches. See controls
pressure tanks. See hydropneumatic tanks
pressure wave propagation in pipes. See wave propagation
pressure zone boundaries
adjustment to reduce pumping costs
relocation of boundaries to avoid over pressurization 1 2
pressure zones
boundary adjustments 1 2
boundary choices
equations 1 2
creating new zones 1 2
isolation of
limits
elevation and 1 2 3
multiple tanks in 1 2
naming conventions for 1 2 3
separated
system expansion and 1 2
See also closed systems; lower pressure zones
pressure-vacuum gages
pricing. See energy pricing
primary disinfectant
prior parameter estimates 1 2
procedure to incorporate into model calibration 1 2
programmable logic controllers (PLCs) 1 2
protozoa
biological weapon characteristics
removal processes for
proximity analysis
PRV. See pressure reducing valves
pseudo parameter measurements. See prior parameter estimates
pseudo-plastic fluids 1 2
PSV. See pressure sustaining valves
pump characteristic curves 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
best efficiency points 1 2
for constant power pumps
determination of curve-fitting errors
errors in 1 2
for variable-speed pumps
in models
outdated information, use of
procedure for developing curves
pump operating points 1 2
pump controls 1 2
pump curves
simulation for system expansion 1 2
pump efficiency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
efficiency curves 1 2 3
energy consumption and
motor efficiency
equation for
variable-speed pumps 1 2 3 4
water power equation
water power of pumps 1 2 3
wire-to-water 1 2
pump efficiency tests 1 2
pump energy consumption 1 2
application of pump data to achieve cost savings 1 2
calculating energy costs 1 2
comparison of discharge with best operating point 1 2
constant-speed pumps 1 2
development and use of efficiency curves 1 2 3
estimating pump efficiency 1 2
example of energy cost calulations
extending efficiency curves
minimizing costs, approaches to 1 2
modeling pump operation
multiple operating points, use of 1 2 3 4
power rate structures 1 2
problems contributing to 1 2
schedule optimization 1 2 3
sources for guidelines to minimize costs
variable-speed pumps 1 2 3 4 5 6
pump head 1 2
equations 1 2
pump head characteristic curves. See pump characteristic curves
pump head characteristics
pump head curves
for parallel pumps 1 2
for parallel pumps
pump performance
off-line tank effects 1 2
pump performance tests 1 2
potential problems 1 2
See also pump characteristic curves; pump efficiency tests; system testing
pump power 1 2
actual
apparent
brake horsepower 1 2 3
constant 1 2
input power
power factor
water power 1 2 3
water power equation
See also energy consumption; pump efficiency
pump scheduling
approaches to minimizing costs 1 2
constraints
London Main Ring example
objective functions
optimization 1 2
procedure to optimize scheduling 1 2
pump specifications 1 2
pump stations
contamination vulnerability
design
power requirements 1 2
pumped systems 1 2
configurations 1 2 3
pumping
energy consumption effects on
optimization of
pumping capacity problems 1 2
pumping configurations 1 2 3
pumps 1 2 3 4
best efficiency point of 1 2
calculation of energy costs 1 2
capacity problems 1 2
causes of high energy usage 1 2
cavitation 1 2 3 4
centrifugal 1 2 3
contaminant injection by
contamination vulnerability and
determination of operating points 1 2 3
effects of emergency shutdown on hydraulic grade lines
electric power consumption 1 2
fixed-speed 1 2 3
impeller 1 2
jockey
link elements 1 2 3 4
net positive suction head (NPSH) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
nodes 1 2 3 4 5
operating cost optimization
operating curves 1 2 3
operation modes in closed systems
in parallel 1 2
performance 1 2
positive displacement
representing in models 1 2
selection 1 2
shutoff heads
suction side head losses 1 2
system requirements
wire-to-water (overall) efficiency 1 2
See also variable-speed pumps
R
radios
point-to-multipoint 1 2
random search
in optimization
raster data 1 2 3
raw water. See untreated water
records
as-built drawings 1 2
customer billings 1 2 3
electronic
needed for model maintenance 1 2
service-line
system operational records 1 2
See also data collection
red water
redundancy
optimization and 1 2
parallel pumps 1 2 3
in SCADA systems 1 2
See also system design; system reliability
reflection factors 1 2
regulating flows
regulating valves. See control valves
rehabilitation of pipes
used to increase fire flows
relative roughness 1 2
reliability analysis
reservoir operation
reservoirs
boundary nodes 1 2 3
contamination vulnerability
mixing models
nodes
temperature monitoring 1 2
tracer studies 1 2
water quality studies 1 2
See also storage
residence times
residential water demand
fire sprinkler requirements
stochastic models for
See also subdivision design
residential water use
irrigation
rates of
unmetered 1 2
See also buildings
residual pressure 1 2
resistance coefficients of pipes 1 2
Hazen-Williams pipe resistance coefficent
Manning pipe resistance coefficent
minor loss resistance coefficent 1 2
Reynolds number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
full flowing pipes, formula for
for various flow responses
Reynolds, Osborne 1 2
Rigid Model in transient analysis 1 2
limitations to analysis of slow flow changes
Rossman, Lewis
rough-tuning of models
roughness. See absolute roughness; pipe roughness
rural systems
expanding
sprinkler demands on
S
St. Venant equations
St. Venant, Jean-Claude Barre de
sampling design problems (calibration data) 1 2
location of measurements 1 2
optimization procedures and 1 2
saturation vapor pressures 1 2
SCADA data
error sources
tank inflow-outflow
See also time series measurements
SCADA systems
alarm conditions detection
alarm detection and notification 1 2
centralizing automation functions in 1 2
communications media 1 2
communications protocols 1 2 3
components 1 2
control actions
control systems in 1 2
data availability in emergencies
data management 1 2
data transfer to external software applications 1 2 3
described 1 2
distributed control systems compared 1 2
error sources 1 2 3 4
errors
compensating for
failure events
data handling during 1 2
field data interfaces 1 2
functions in water distribution networks 1 2
host computer displays 1 2 3
host computers 1 2 3
hydraulic models' role in 1 2 3 4
local area networks (LANs) 1 2 3
local data recording systems vs. 1 2
loop control in 1 2
modeling and 1 2
multiplexers 1 2 3
operator workstations 1 2 3 4
parameters at non-SCADA sites
programmable logic controllers (PLCs) 1 2
redundancy in 1 2
remote terminal units (RTUs) 1 2 3 4 5 6
tank water level fluctuations
trend plotting 1 2
wide area networks (WANs) 1 2
See also field data; field data communications systems; monitoring; water distribution systems
scaled models 1 2 3
scaling, in pipes
scenario managers
schematic models 1 2
secondary disinfectants
chloramines
security. See system security
sensitivity analysis
sensors
calibrating
data integrity validation
elevation of
service lines
setpoint boosters 1 2
shear stress 1 2 3
formula for
Sherwood number 1 2
equation
shutoff heads
simplex method of linear programming
Simpson, Thomas
simulated annealing 1 2 3
simulation 1 2 3 4 5 6
automated fire flow analysis
cost analyses 1 2
defined
software interfaces 1 2
steady-state
transient analyses
for vulnerability analysis 1 2
See also extended-period simulation; models; steady-state models; water quality modeling
simulation models 1 2
skeletonization 1 2 3
branch pipe trimming process 1 2
data scrubbing
example of 1 2
extent of
GIS and 1 2
guidelines 1 2
impact on calibration
important elements 1 2
maintenance of network connectivity
for model-GIS data integration 1 2 3
in preliminary design
removing non-link elements 1 2
removing parallel pipes 1 2
removing pipes in series 1 2 3
sequence of removal actions 1 2 3
stopping criteria 1 2
system design and
See also networks
sliplining 1 2
smoothing factor
to size surge tanks
See also transmission factors
source trace analysis 1 2
South Carolina
Columbia GIS case study
spatial demand allocation. See demand allocation
specific weight
formula for 1 2
of water
sprinklers
minor losses in
operating pressure
pipe diameters
piping design 1 2
in water distribution models
See also fire sprinklers; irrigation sprinklers
standards
for disinfection residuals 1 2 3
for drinking water
fire flow 1 2
fire flow duration
fire hose stream
fire prevention 1 2
hydrant pressure drop
Hydraulic Institute standards
pressure
PVC pipes 1 2
residential fire sprinkler systems
static head 1 2
static lift. See static head
static pressure 1 2
example calculation
in fire flow tests
steady-state models 1 2 3
calibrating 1 2
of pumped storage systems 1 2
SCADA data use in
temporal boundary condition changes and
steepest ascent methods 1 2
stochastic search methods. See adaptive search strategies; genetic algorithms
storage
adding
for low pressure problems 1 2
facilities
pumped 1 2 3
See also reservoirs; tanks
storage capacity
effects of increasing 1 2
variable-speed pumps and
storage tanks. See tanks
subdivision design
model calibration for 1 2
pressure reducing valves for 1 2
pressure zones and 1 2
See also residential water demand
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems. See SCADA systems
surface reactions. See pipe wall reactions
surface water models
Surface Water Treatment Rule (USEPA)
surge tanks for transient control
surges
Swamee-Jain equation 1 2 3
Swamee, P. K.
swimming pools
water use rates
swing check valves. See check valves
switches. See controls
symbols
for equation variables 1 2
synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs)
removal processes for
system capacity
impact of taking tanks off-line
model representations of 1 2
in models 1 2 3
system configurations 1 2
system damages caused by transients 1 2
system design 1 2
closed system pumping
with pressure control 1 2
without pressure control 1 2
data collection 1 2
decision-makers' perspectives
design flows 1 2
linear programming in 1 2
model application flowchart 1 2
model applications in 1 2 3 4 5 6
models' roles in 1 2
net benefits maximization 1 2
net positive suction head in 1 2 3 4
nonlinear programming in 1 2
optimal design methods 1 2
optimization and 1 2
overdesign problems
partial enumeration method 1 2
pipe sizing 1 2
pipe sizing optimization 1 2
preliminary
model calibration in
pressure standards
problems of overdesign
pump configurations 1 2
pump criteria for closed systems
pump requirements
pump selection 1 2
system head curves for 1 2 3 4
pump selection considerations 1 2 3
pumped systems 1 2
reliability 1 2
segmentation 1 2
skeletonization in
staged development 1 2
tank fill time
tank volume considerations 1 2
trial-and-error approach 1 2
See also redundancy; system reliability
system expansion 1 2
adding to existing models 1 2
analysis for
approximation of existing system 1 2
by combining adjacent systems 1 2
elevation considerations 1 2
existing system assessment
hydrant locations 1 2
new piping
modeling of 1 2
optimization and
by regionalization 1 2
rural systems
separate pressure zones 1 2
skeletal model of existing system for 1 2
system failure 1 2
pipeline collapse 1 2
pipeline rupture
system flow control components
cause of transients
system flow control operations. See flow control operations
system flow meters
system flushing
flowed hydrants in 1 2 3
hydrant discharge
flow emitters' use for 1 2 3
hydrants as equivalent pipes
hydrants as flow emitters in 1 2
hydrants' locations and 1 2
See also hydrants
system flushing problems 1 2
flushing period 1 2
goal of program
indicators of successful flushing 1 2
location of hydrant between a pump and a tank 1 2
use of model to evaluate program 1 2 3 4 5
system head curves 1 2 3 4 5
deriving
for parallel pumps 1 2 3 4
pump selection and 1 2 3 4
system head. See total head
system maps 1 2 3 4 5
cautions in use
errors in 1 2
information content
need to maintain
See also maps
system rehabilitation
alternatives 1 2
analysis for 1 2 3
fire flow considerations
loop ("backbone") installation
modeling existing conditions for 1 2
nonstructural 1 2
optimal design formulation
optimization and
paralleling 1 2
pipe bursting 1 2
pipe lining 1 2
pipe replacement 1 2
problems associated with 1 2
reasons for 1 2
sliplining 1 2 3
structural 1 2
system reliability 1 2 3
optimization and 1 2
parallel pumps 1 2 3
See also redundancy; system design
system security
biological weapons agents 1 2 3
checklist of security measures 1 2 3
contaminant event mitigation 1 2 3
contaminant movement prediction 1 2
contaminant tracking 1 2 3
continuous monitors for
distribution system contamination 1 2
emergency planning
applying models to 1 2
emergency response plans 1 2
historical events 1 2 3 4
historical events modeling 1 2
inspection protocols
model applications 1 2
physical disruptions 1 2 3
real-time modeling and 1 2
SCADA system data and
vulnerability checklist
vulnerable points 1 2 3 4
water contamination and 1 2 3
See also early warning systems; vulnerability assessment; water contamination
system shutdowns 1 2
system testing 1 2
flow measurements 1 2
potential problems 1 2
pressure measurements 1 2
time series measurements
tracer tests 1 2 3
See also fire flow tests; head loss tests; pump performance tests; water quality sampling
system water demands
allocation to junction nodes 1 2
T
tabu search method 1 2
tank off-line maintenance
effects on pump performance 1 2
effects on system performance
emergency connections alternatives needed 1 2
extended-period simulation of
impact on meeting low demands 1 2
modeling shutdown 1 2
shutdown modeling
See also operations problems
tank overflow elevations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
tank-level measurements
in model calibration 1 2
tanks 1 2 3
boundary nodes 1 2
chlorine decay and
classification
CompTank mixing model 1 2
computational fluid dynamics models 1 2 3 4
contamination vulnerability 1 2
elevation of 1 2
fill time
"floating on the system"
flow rate determination
ground vs. elevated
jet mixing 1 2
in lower pressure zones 1 2
mixing in 1 2
mixing models 1 2 3 4 5
multiple in one pressure zone 1 2
nodes
pressure 1 2 3
pumped storage
pumping from wells into 1 2
pumping into systems with 1 2
storage volumes
calculating changes in 1 2
systems models of 1 2 3
temperature monitoring 1 2
three-compartment mixing model 1 2
tracer studies 1 2
volume determinations 1 2
volume effects on water aging 1 2
volume vs. depth 1 2
water age and 1 2 3
water age in
water levels 1 2 3
water quality and 1 2 3
water-level charts 1 2
water-level fluctuations 1 2 3 4
water-level measurements 1 2 3
See also hydropneumatic tanks; storage
taste
contaminant removal processes for
TCV. See throttle control valves
TDH. See total dynamic head
temperature measurements. See temperature monitoring
temperature monitoring
tanks and reservoirs 1 2 3
temperature studies 1 2
temporal pattern repetition
temporary flow metering
pitot gage
pitot rod
Tennessee
Germantown GIS
case study
terrorism. See system security
tests. See system testing
thermistors 1 2
throttle control valves (TCVs) 1 2
time series measurements 1 2 3 4
data collection
example 1 2
See also SCADA data
topographic maps 1 2
Total Coliform Rule (USEPA)
total dynamic head (TDH)
total head
total organic carbon (TOC)
removal processes for
tracer chemicals
tracer injection
tracer dosage
tracer injection
tracer studies (in tanks) 1 2
for EPS model calibration 1 2
flow measurements
monitoring
regulatory approval of study
sampling
tracer chemicals
tracer dosage
tracer injection
See also data collection
tracer tests 1 2 3
field study example 1 2
procedure 1 2 3
tradeoffs
multi-objective analysis for 1 2 3 4
Pareto solutions 1 2 3
training of operators
transient control devices 1 2
air chamber 1 2
air inlet valves 1 2 3
air release valves 1 2 3
anticipator relief valve
booster pump bypass 1 2 3
check valves 1 2
combined devices 1 2 3
evaluating control valves 1 2
hydraulic air valve
maximum pressure controls
minimum pressure controls
one-way tank 1 2
pressure relief valves
pump inertia increases
surge tanks 1 2 3
transient controls 1 2
analysis and testing of emergency flow control situations during design
avoiding air accumulation and low pressures in pipe layout
pipe system analysis example 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
pipe thickness and 1 2
prevention techniques 1 2
use of air inlet valves to avoid vacuum conditions
use of larger diameter pipes to reduce velocities 1 2
transient flow hydraulics 1 2
analysis of
boundary conditions
bulk modulus of elasticity 1 2
celerity
indirect measurement of 1 2
characteristic period of transient event 1 2 3
characteristic time of pipeline 1 2
comparison of Elastic and Rigid models 1 2
continuity equation
Elastic Model 1 2
elasticity of liquid 1 2
history of analysis 1 2
Joukowsky's equation 1 2 3
methods of analysis 1 2
model use for 1 2
momentum equation
numerical models 1 2 3
objective of analysis
physics of 1 2
reflection factors 1 2
relationship of head to flow during event
Rigid Model 1 2
transmission factors 1 2
use of numeric models
water hammer equations 1 2
water hammer theory 1 2
wave celerity 1 2
wave celerity equation for elastic pipes 1 2
wave celerity equation for rigid pipes
wave propagation in a liquid 1 2
wave reflectance 1 2
wave transmission 1 2
transients. See hydraulic transients
transitional flow 1 2
Reynolds number for
transmission factors 1 2
transmission mains 1 2
transport facilities
transport of constituents
treated water. See potable water
tree networks. See networks
branched
trial and error process. See manual calibration approach
triangulated irregular networks (TINs) 1 2
trichloroethylene (TCE)
trihalomethanes, total (TTHM) 1 2
constituents
formation of
maximum contaminant levels
relation to water age
See also disinfectant by-products
troubleshooting
simulation use for
TTHM. See trihalomethanes, total
tuberculation 1 2
low fire flows and
reduced pipe capacity from
See also pipe corrosion
turbine meters 1 2
turbulence
head losses from. See minor losses
turbulent flow 1 2 3 4
Reynolds number for
two-gage test 1 2
criteria for measurement
head loss equation 1 2
procedure
U
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 1 2
ultrasonic flow meters
ultrasonic meters 1 2
unaccounted-for water 1 2 3 4
in demand models 1 2 3 4 5
large amounts
demand multipliers and
leakage and 1 2
loss during main breaks
estimating
meter errors and
unmetered usage and
See also leakage
undersized pipe problems 1 2
uni-directional flushing
United Kingdom
water metering in 1 2
units of measurement 1 2
untreated water
sources
Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA)
use in reducing compensationg errors
utility water systems
customer water systems and 1 2
V
vacuum breaker valves 1 2 3
See also air inlet valves
vacuum relief valves. See vacuum breaker valves; air inlet valves
validation of model 1 2
valve books
valve coefficient. See minor losses
valves 1 2
contamination vulnerability
effective stroke
equivalent C-factor for minor losses 1 2
locating closed valves 1 2
minor losses and 1 2
types
vacuum breaker 1 2 3
See also names of specific valves
vapor pressure 1 2
for water 1 2
variable frequency drives (VFDs) 1 2 3
variable speed drives. See variable frequency drives
variable-speed pumps 1 2 3 4 5 6
affinity laws for 1 2
cost considerations
efficiency 1 2 3 4
modeling methods for 1 2 3
pump curves for 1 2 3
in small systems
speed control
storage capacity and
See also pumps
vector data 1 2 3
velocity (fluid) 1 2
average in pipes
conversion factors
formula for 1 2
maximum
in pipes 1 2
maximum permissible in pipes
for pipe sizing
use as indicator of effective system flushing 1 2
velocity head 1 2
velocity profiles 1 2 3
venturi meters 1 2
Versailles Palace
water distribution to
VFD. See variable frequency drives
viruses
biological weapon characteristics
removal processes for
viscosity 1 2
conversion factors
of water
See also kinematic viscosity
visualization
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
removal processes for
volume
conversion factors
vulnerability assessment 1 2 3
checklist
contaminant tracking 1 2 3
fault trees 1 2 3
inspection protocols
Monte Carlo simulation
simulation models for 1 2
See also system security
W
wall reaction coefficients. See pipe wall reactions
water age analysis 1 2
water age. See aging of water
water audits
water consumption. See water demand; water use
water contamination
biological weapon agents' characteristics 1 2
contaminant movement simulation 1 2
contaminant removal processes compared
contaminant threat estimation equation
disinfectants
maximum contaminant levels 1 2
disinfection residuals
maximum contaminant levels 1 2
early warning system components 1 2
early warning system monitoring equipment 1 2
historical event modeling
mitigation 1 2 3
model representations
modeling and 1 2
security and 1 2 3
source types
in models 1 2
modeling of 1 2
source water 1 2 3
system security and 1 2 3
threat evaluation factors 1 2
toxicity of various agents 1 2
treatment plants' vulnerability
within distribution systems 1 2
See also system security
water demand 1 2
average-day demand 1 2
customer demand 1 2
determining changes in
via mass balance 1 2
determining rates of
in emergencies
tank behavior 1 2
fire flow demand
fire flows
georeferencing and
historical trends 1 2
maximum day of record
maximum-day demand
peak-hour demand
in the United Kingdom
See also demand modeling; demand projections; diurnal demand; water use
water density
water distribution modeling
water distribution systems 1 2
future developments in 1 2
history of 1 2
See also networks; SCADA systems; system security; system testing
water distribution technology
history 1 2
water hammer
water hammer events
equations for 1 2
theory of 1 2
water loss
during main breaks
estimating
water mains
cement-mortar lining
water meters. See meters
water power of pumps 1 2 3
equation for
water quality
aging of water 1 2 3
chlorine decay and
mixing and
optimizing disinfectant concentrations 1 2
tank overflow elevations and
water quality deterioration
in air chambers and surge tanks
water quality field surveys 1 2
analytical procedures
communications
contingency plans
data recording
equipment
instrument calibration
personnel organization and scheduling
safety issues
sample collection procedures
sampling frequency 1 2
sampling location selection 1 2
sampling site preparation
supplies
tracer studies
water quality issues
tanks and reservoirs 1 2
water quality model calibration 1 2
assignment of initial conditions 1 2
boundary condition definition
defined
duration of simulation 1 2
example of calibration 1 2
wall reaction coefficients 1 2 3 4
See also model calibration
water quality modeling 1 2 3 4
advective transport
advective-reactive transport equation
bulk reaction coefficient
chemical reaction terms 1 2
discrete volume method 1 2
Eulerian solution method 1 2 3
Lagrangian solution method 1 2 3
limiting concentrations
longitudinal dispersion
mixing at nodes
equation 1 2
mixing in tanks 1 2 3
molecular diffusivity coefficient
processes
residence times 1 2
Sherwood number 1 2
solution methods 1 2
source trace analysis 1 2
steady-state models
wall reaction coefficients
water age analysis 1 2
See also simulation
water quality models 1 2
applications 1 2
booster chlorination in 1 2
water quality problems
water quality sampling 1 2
laboratory testing 1 2
See also system testing
water quality studies
water quality surveys
intensive. See water quality field surveys
water quality tracking
water demand model loading and
water sources 1 2
water storage tanks. See tanks
water system maps. See system maps
water treatment
accidental events 1 2
for contaminant event mitigation 1 2 3
contaminant removal processes
effectiveness comparisons
disinfectant residuals
natural hazards
purposeful events
water treatment plants
contamination vulnerability
water use
by building types
by industry categories
land use and 1 2
per capita rates
data for U.S. states
state per capita rates
unaccounted-for water
user categories 1 2 3
variation in
for various purposes
See also water demand
water utilities
privatization
WaterCAD model
wave propagation
analysis of 1 2
celerity (velocity)
celerity in a rigid pipe
equation
celerity in an elastic pipe
equation
indirect measurement of celerity 1 2
in liquids 1 2
Weisbach, Julius
well pumping
aquifer drawdown 1 2
parallel pumps and
wells
in models
in models
using tanks with
White, Cedric
wide area networks (WANs) 1 2
Williams, G. S.
wire-to-water efficency (pumps) 1 2
Woburn, Massachusetts
contamination event 1 2 3
Wood, Don 1 2
Y
Young's modulus
